Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act Takes Aim at the Climate Crisis
The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 is the single largest clean energy investment in U.S. history, supporting the Biden Administration’s climate goals of a net-zero economy by 2050 and the acceleration of renewable energy projects. According to Princeton researchers, the IRA could reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions up to 41% by 2030. Passage of the Act also spurred Canada and Europe to announce similar policies in order to compete with the U.S. in attracting energy companies and manufacturers.i
Since the IRA was passed, development has begun on 56 new solar and 29 new wind projects, with investments around $40 billion. The U.S. Postal Service received $3 billion to switch its’ entire fleet to electric vehicles. The EPA received $1 billion to aid school districts in replacing old diesel buses with electric buses. In total, there has been $44.1 billion invested in 65 new electric vehicle projects.ii
Blue Carbon: The Major Role Oceans Play in Solving the Climate Crisis
The escalating climate crisis makes it clear that the world must deploy every possible method to mitigate and adapt to our changing climate. This must include the use of carbon removal and storage to lower historic carbon dioxide emissions. The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that we cannot achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions without the use of carbon removal and storage strategies on a global scale.[i] This will include emerging technologies, but we also cannot ignore the critical role of natural carbon cycles in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide.
One of the first biology lessons that many of us learn is that trees draw in carbon dioxide from the air and then produce oxygen. But we cannot ignore that oceans cover almost 71% of the Earth’s surface and they, too, participate in the carbon cycle. Oceans and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in carbon removal and storage. This sequestered carbon is known as “blue carbon”.[ii] Mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes are particularly efficient carbon sinks. According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research, mangroves and salt marshes sequester carbon ten times faster than tropical forests. Seagrass meadows alone are responsible for storing 11% of the ocean’s carbon, even though they cover only 0.1% of the seafloor.[iii]
Read moreDiving Into the Public Health and Climate Impacts of PFAS
There has been debate at the national level over the past year about regulating Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PFAS are artificial substances that have been used in a vast array of products since the 1940s. PFAS can be found in thousands of household and personal hygiene products, fire-fighting foams, pesticides, food packaging, even food itself (such as dairy products from cows exposed to PFAS). PFAS travel easily through the environment and break down extremely slowly. This can lead to PFAS contamination in public water systems and private wells. PFAS can also contaminate soil and water near landfills, hazardous waste sites, and any manufacturing or chemical production facilities that use or produce PFAS.
Read moreGreen Hydrogen – Climate Change Solution or Hype?
Many recent headlines have touted the benefits of green hydrogen, an energy-dense fuel made from the most abundant element in the universe, as a tool to combat climate change. What exactly is green hydrogen? Is it truly the fuel of the future as advocates claim? To answer these questions, one must explore how hydrogen fuel is created and the current limitations of renewable energy in supporting certain industries.
Hydrogen fuel is created when electrolysis (sending an electric current through water) is used to split two hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atom within water (H2O) molecules. The most common source of energy used to power the electrolysis is fossil fuels, and the resulting fuel is known as gray hydrogen. Blue hydrogen uses the same method but incorporates technology to capture the majority of the carbon emissions. Green hydrogen is created when renewable energy is used to power the electrolysis.
Read moreClimate Crisis Causing Severe Water Shortages in U.S.
The United States cannot afford to waste any more time addressing the climate crisis. It is already drastically impacting the western U.S., particularly California. The Golden State is in the grips of a drought so severe that U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, Tom Vilsack, has designated 50 out of 58 Californian counties as a primary disaster area. The snowpack that California depends upon for 30% of its’ water supply has dried up months early. The state’s 51,000 reservoirs are only at 50% of their average capacity. Low water supplies will hamper hydroelectric power generation, and increase the severity of this year’s wildfire season. The lack of water will also devastate the California’s agricultural industry, which in turn impacts the rest of the U.S as California provides two-thirds of the country’s fruits and nuts, and over one-third of its vegetables. State officials anticipate that 500,000 acres of agricultural lands will remain unused this year due to water shortages. [1]
Sometimes, it can be difficult to identify anthropogenic climate change as the specific cause of a natural disaster. However, this is not the case with California’s historic drought. In 2020, researchers from NASA, Columbia University, University of Idaho, University of California Merced, University of Colorado Boulder, and the Universities Space Research Association examined tree-ring constructions and hydrologic models. Their research concluded that the southwestern U.S. is experiencing the second worst megadrought since 800 AD. In addition, the data revealed that 46% of the factors leading to CA’s megadrought were a result of anthropogenic climate change.[2]
Water conservation is crucial even in regions that are not experiencing drought. The water supply that can be used for human consumption is not limitless. Ninety-seven percent of the Earth’s water supply is salt water. Out of the remaining 3% fresh water, 2.5% is stored in glaciers and ice caps, the atmosphere, and the soil. That leaves a mere 0.5% of the Earth’s supply readily available for human consumption. Desalination (removing the salt from seawater) is still prohibitively expensive. In 2015, a thousand gallons of water from a desalination plant costed up to $5 versus $2 for a thousand gallons from a traditional plant, due to the massive energy requirements.[3] Researchers are working on improving the desalination process through more efficient membranes and developing better methods of handling the leftover brine.[4]
Conserving water ensures that the maximum possible amount is available to ecosystems, human communities, and farms. Critically, it reduces the impacts of droughts and water shortages.[5] There are also economic benefits to individuals and communities in conserving water. Water conservation reduces the costs and energy demands of wastewater treatment, and results in lower household water bills.
There are many ways that individuals can take steps to conserve precious water. Some tips from the non-profit “The Water Project” include:[6]
Read moreMoving Past Natural Gas for a Clean, Green World
One of the next major challenges for renewable energy providers is to displace natural gas. As demand for oil and coal decreases, power generation is frequently being replaced by natural gas. In the United States, natural gas currently generates about 40% of the nation’s electricity supply, compared to about 20% for renewables. However, economic forces look promising for growth in renewables. For example, solar panels can deliver energy at $31 to $111 a megawatt-hour compared to $122 to $162 a megawatt-hour for natural gas.[1]
The weight of historical inertia helps explain why natural gas currently has an edge over renewables. The U.S. already has approximately three million miles of pipeline transporting natural gas between facilities and consumers. The top five producers are Texas, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Ohio. One of the major products is liquefied natural gas (LNG), a natural gas that has been cooled to a liquid state at sub-zero temperatures for storage and shipping in areas where pipelines are not feasible. The U.S. has been a net exporter of LNG since 2017 due to a significant increase in domestic natural gas production. The majority of LNG exports went to South Korea, Japan, Spain, Mexico, and the United Kingdom.[2]
Natural gas production has a devastating effect on the environment, particularly the practice of hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”). Fracking is the process of injecting liquid, usually a mixture of water and chemicals, into the ground to force open cracks in order to extract oil or gas. Fracking requires great quantities of water, and when the wastewater is injected back into the ground, it can cause small earthquakes and contaminate the surrounding area with toxic chemicals. Another significant impact of natural gas production is methane emissions. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. When compared to carbon dioxide over 100 years, methane is more effective at trapping heat by a factor of 25[3]. According to estimates by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2018, methane emissions from oil and natural gas systems, including abandoned wells, were responsible for 29% of total U.S. methane emissions and 3% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.[4] In 2015-2016, a prolonged leak from a processed natural gas (PNG) well in Aliso Canyon, California was the greatest single accidental release of greenhouse gases in U.S. history. The release prompted the evacuation of 5,790 households.[5]
Read moreHalting the Food Waste Flood: Now More Than Ever
There is no better time than now to tackle the pervasive issue of food waste in the United States. As so many of our neighbors struggle to put food on their tables during this pandemic, we can all take steps to reduce food waste. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. wastes 30-40% of its food supply annually. A snapshot from 2010 reveals that Americans wasted 133 billion pounds and $161 billion dollars’ worth of food in that year alone.[1] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) calculated that in 2018 Americans generated 63 million tons of food waste, contributing to 24% of landfill materials. Decomposition in landfills contributes significantly to emissions of the potent greenhouse gas, methane – 14.1% of 2017 greenhouse gas emissions, according to EPA estimates.[2] This figure does not even include the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the production and transportation of food products that end up in landfills.
Studies by non-profit organizations working on climate change solutions corroborate government studies. Project Drawdown calculated that reducing food waste could decrease worldwide greenhouse gas emissions by 70 gigatons. Crucially for ecosystem health, generating less food waste will have a significant effect on stemming the tide of biodiversity loss. The World Wildlife Fund estimates that 70% of biodiversity loss is a result of converting habitat to agricultural land. Cutting food waste would mean that we need less land to feed humanity.[3]
Read moreInternational Treaties and Recovery after COVID-19
On September 27th, 2020, world leaders from 64 nations signed the voluntary Leaders’ Pledge for Nature. This international agreement committed these nations to addressing the climate crisis, biodiversity loss, and pollution as part of their post-COVID economic recovery plans. Signatory nations included Bangladesh, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, and the U.K. Conspicuous in their absence were Australia, China, Brazil, India, and the U.S.[1]
The Leaders’ Pledge for Nature served as a prelude to the U.N. Biodiversity Summit on September 30th. Nearly 150 nations met virtually to discuss the extensive global loss of biodiversity, and to build political capital for a biodiversity agreement at next year’s Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) meeting. Interestingly, between September 27th and 30th, ten more nations signed the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature.[2]
Read moreEndangered Species in the Era of COVID-19 and the Climate Crisis
August 31, 2020
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed in 1973 in response to growing concerns about biodiversity loss. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are the primary agencies tasked with carrying out actions under the ESA. The ESA’s Section 9 prohibits any entity from taking direct actions that would harm an endangered species. Despite mounting scientific evidence, it is presently difficult to prove a direct causal link between climate change and a specific “harm” to an endangered species. To date, USFWS has declined to define climate change as a “harm” under Section 9. The polar bear is one of the few species successfully listed under the ESA primarily due to climate change, listed as “threatened” in 2005.
Despite these limitations, the ESA is a vital tool for protecting vulnerable species in a warming world. The Vermont Journal of Environmental Law argues that the best tool the ESA has to fight climate change is critical habitat designation. The Journal reasons that USFWS can consider future migrations when proposing such designations. Providing species with additional habitat allows them to do what they do best: adapt to a changing world.
Read moreCOVID-19 and the Rise of Renewables
July 4, 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic has likely affected every aspect of our economy, including the construction of renewable energy projects. However, even a pandemic cannot stop the continued march of renewable energy’s dominance in the U.S. energy market. On May 21, 2020, in a historical and unprecedented moment, renewable energy outshone coal by providing a higher percentage of U.S. energy consumption for 100 consecutive days. Consumption of renewable energy sources increased 1% and coal consumption decreased 15%.
Consumer demand in the face of climate change, declining costs, and the increasing imperative for grid resiliency will continue to drive the growth of renewable energy projects. According to the 2019 Cogent Reports Utility Trusted Brand & Customer Engagement™ Residential study, over 40% of U.S. consumers would choose renewable energy over fossil fuels. In a December 2019 Gallup poll, 55% of U.S. adults ranked climate change as an extremely or very important issue in the 2020 elections. Deloitte has calculated that the levelized costs of commercial-scale solar projects fell 10% in 2019. Onshore and offshore wind costs fell 18% and 24%, respectively. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the power generation costs of solar photovoltaics and onshore wind decreased 82% and 39%, respectively, from 2010 to 2019.
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